贩寂半旗沪虽呢菠踏段宽讣裙
FinalExam
FinalExam
Unit0Preparation教学准备篇
这些要点你都注意了吗？
1、单选题：
如果你在爱课程网和网易云课堂都做过注册，那么你就会有两个账号，即使两个账号的注册邮箱（用户名）是一样的，系统也会把你当作
A: 两个人看待，分别记录学习成绩，且不能自动合并学习成绩单。所以请务必始终用一个账号从一个入口登陆课程，切切！
B: 同一个人看待。
C: 不知道会怎样。
D: 小心啊，小心！有人吃过亏的
答案: 两个人看待，分别记录学习成绩，且不能自动合并学习成绩单。所以请务必始终用一个账号从一个入口登陆课程，切切！
2、多选题：
课程学员众多，发帖量大，目前论坛功能还不完善，学员找不到自己的发帖、回帖，怎么办？
A: 有学员专门建了个word文档，叫“英文学术写作讨论发言辑录”，把自己的发言都备份下来，并记录发言时间和已有页数。
B: 坚决不发水帖（如“很好”等少于10个字的帖子），维护课程讨论区的含金量。
C: 如果赞成某位的观点，就对帖点赞，而不是为了凑发帖子个数而多说两句。
D: 发帖要发到专门的讨论区，不乱发帖。
答案: 有学员专门建了个word文档，叫“英文学术写作讨论发言辑录”，把自己的发言都备份下来，并记录发言时间和已有页数。;
坚决不发水帖（如“很好”等少于10个字的帖子），维护课程讨论区的含金量。;
如果赞成某位的观点，就对帖点赞，而不是为了凑发帖子个数而多说两句。;
发帖要发到专门的讨论区，不乱发帖。
3、多选题：
MOOCs学习遇到问题的时候，可以从谁那里获得解答？
A: 为了在课程讨论区找到问题的解答，就需要维护课程讨论区帖子的质量。这需要大家共同遵守一些行为准则。不能指望教学团队来删水帖。
B: 同学之间互相帮助，哪怕大家都不太会，聊着聊着就清楚了。
C: 课程教学团队往往不会立即回答问题。因为给出了标准答案，就失去了探究的过程。
D: MOOCs课程采用的是异步学习方式，大家在方便的时间学习。课程团队不会提供坐班回答问题，只会对每个模块的共性问题分阶段给予解答。
答案: 为了在课程讨论区找到问题的解答，就需要维护课程讨论区帖子的质量。这需要大家共同遵守一些行为准则。不能指望教学团队来删水帖。;
同学之间互相帮助，哪怕大家都不太会，聊着聊着就清楚了。;
课程教学团队往往不会立即回答问题。因为给出了标准答案，就失去了探究的过程。;
MOOCs课程采用的是异步学习方式，大家在方便的时间学习。课程团队不会提供坐班回答问题，只会对每个模块的共性问题分阶段给予解答。
4、多选题：
我的英文水平不够，这门课对我来说难度如何？
A: 我们采用中英文结合的方式进行授课，力图跨越语言障碍。
B: 任何学习都是有难度的，有挑战才有成就感！
C: 我们尽可能多地为大家提供相关示例与工具，帮助大家理解。
D: 坚持学完一门慕课是一次不一样的学习体验！
答案: 我们采用中英文结合的方式进行授课，力图跨越语言障碍。;
任何学习都是有难度的，有挑战才有成就感！;
我们尽可能多地为大家提供相关示例与工具，帮助大家理解。;
坚持学完一门慕课是一次不一样的学习体验！
5、多选题：
作业为什么要用PDF格式提交？
A: 因为大家所使用的软件版本不同，低版本的软件打不开高版本产生的文件，作业互评的时候会出问题，影响你的成绩。
B: pdf格式实际是一种图格式，不会出现排版走形、字体不显示的情况。
C: 如果你不了解PDF文件，请务必在这两天之内学会将word文档保存为PDF文件。
D: 如果你的作业是其他格式的文档，比如PPT，也是可以转换为PDF格式的。
答案: 因为大家所使用的软件版本不同，低版本的软件打不开高版本产生的文件，作业互评的时候会出问题，影响你的成绩。;
pdf格式实际是一种图格式，不会出现排版走形、字体不显示的情况。;
如果你不了解PDF文件，请务必在这两天之内学会将word文档保存为PDF文件。;
如果你的作业是其他格式的文档，比如PPT，也是可以转换为PDF格式的。
6、多选题：
个人信息为什么要实名？个人信息为什么要完整？
A: 无论是电子证书还是纸质证书，都会要出现您的真实名字。
B: 纸质证书需要做网上身份认证，还需要身份证、照片等信息。
C: 纸质证书还需要通讯地址，以便邮寄证书。
D: 请一次完整填写相关信息，避免以后麻烦。有人吃过亏啊。
答案: 无论是电子证书还是纸质证书，都会要出现您的真实名字。;
纸质证书需要做网上身份认证，还需要身份证、照片等信息。;
纸质证书还需要通讯地址，以便邮寄证书。;
请一次完整填写相关信息，避免以后麻烦。有人吃过亏啊。
7、多选题：
当课程结束且我的成绩合格后，如何申请证书？
A: 电子证书平台会自动发放，无需申请。
B: 平台不再发放免费证书，纸质证书和电子证书都需要申请并付费。
C: 证书上的个人信息需要实名制。
D: 需要在规定时间内完成证书申请并付费，不要错过时间！
答案: 平台不再发放免费证书，纸质证书和电子证书都需要申请并付费。;
证书上的个人信息需要实名制。;
需要在规定时间内完成证书申请并付费，不要错过时间！
8、多选题：
如果我错过了一次作业提交的截止时间怎么办？
A: 老师还会为我再开放一次提交通道。
B: 错过了截止日期将无法提交作业，但仍可以参与同伴互评活动。
C: 如果你容易忘记，不妨看看学员手册中的时间管理策略，用一些小工具帮助自己跟上课程节奏。
D: 如果确实不小心错过一次作业，也没关系！这只占了课程总评分的一部分，坚持下去，仍有机会。
答案: 错过了截止日期将无法提交作业，但仍可以参与同伴互评活动。;
如果你容易忘记，不妨看看学员手册中的时间管理策略，用一些小工具帮助自己跟上课程节奏。;
如果确实不小心错过一次作业，也没关系！这只占了课程总评分的一部分，坚持下去，仍有机会。
Unit1Ethic学术伦理意识
1.1.5写作规范准则的小测验
1、单选题：
以下哪种行为不属于学术不端行为？
A: 将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表
B: 将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外
C: 对评价方法或结果的解释、判断错误
D: 将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表
答案: 对评价方法或结果的解释、判断错误
2、单选题：
将他人作品的全部或部分，以或多或少改变形式或内容的方式当作自己作品发表，属于：
A: 抄袭
B: 篡改
C: 伪造
D: 转述
答案: 抄袭
3、单选题：
影响因子越大，期刊的（ ）越大。
A: 学术影响力
B: 发行量
C: 版面费
D: 以上都对
答案: 学术影响力
4、判断题：
在学术论文中，凡是引用他人（包括作者自己）已经发表的文献中的观点、数据、材料和研究结果等内容，都要对它们在文中出现的地方给予注明，并在文末列出参考文献。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
5、判断题：
整理稿可以将不同时间多次的口语实录自行综合，同一作者不同时间、场合的口头发言无需分别注明出处。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
6、判断题：
一稿多投是指同一作者，在法定或约定的禁止再投期间，或者在期限以外获知自己作品将要发表或已经发表，在期刊（包括印刷出版和电子媒体出版）编辑和审稿人不知情的情况下，试图或已经在两种或多种期刊同时或相继发表内容相同或相近的论文。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
7、判断题：
引用他人成果占整个作品的三分之二以上，即使引用标注符合规范，也可认定为剽窃。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
8、判断题：
张老师从未参与过A课题的研究，他无权要求在A课题的研究论文中署名为通讯作者。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
9、判断题：
在学术写作中可以将自己实验中的与期望值不符的实验结果删除，只保留与期望值一致的实验结果。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
10、判断题：
科研成果中的引文可以将未查阅过的文献转抄入自己的引文目录或参考文献目录中。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
Unit1TestEthic
1、多选题：
本节视频中介绍了下列哪几种防剽窃工具？
A: Turnitin
B: Urkund
C: PaperPass
D: 维普通达检测系统
E: 知网论文检测系统
F: PaperWrite
G: Findsame
H: Eve2
答案: Turnitin;
Urkund;
PaperPass;
维普通达检测系统;
知网论文检测系统
2、多选题：
学术不诚信可能会对以下哪几方面造成影响？
A: 个人信誉
B: 研究团队信誉
C: 学科发展
D: 整个国家在该学科的信誉
答案: 个人信誉;
研究团队信誉;
学科发展;
整个国家在该学科的信誉
3、多选题：
在面对别人对自己研究成果的质疑时，哪些是不恰当的做法？
A: 坚持自己，不理会那些质疑，不解释
B: 和别的研究团队积极沟通交流，回应质疑
C: 不能告诉他们自己的研究过程，对自己的研究保密
D: 认为他们的质疑毫无道理，肯定是别人的实验方法不过关，一定要予以还击
答案: 坚持自己，不理会那些质疑，不解释;
不能告诉他们自己的研究过程，对自己的研究保密;
认为他们的质疑毫无道理，肯定是别人的实验方法不过关，一定要予以还击
4、多选题：
当权威的团队发表最新实验，而自己的团队却无法重复时，应该：
A: 认为权威不容置疑，肯定是自己的方法有问题
B: 仔细排查自己的研究，发邮件咨询该团队
C: 肯定是他们的研究存在造假，在网络上攻击他们
D: 和同领域的其他团队合作，如果依然无法重复，可以向发稿期刊和研究团队提出合理质疑
答案: 仔细排查自己的研究，发邮件咨询该团队;
和同领域的其他团队合作，如果依然无法重复，可以向发稿期刊和研究团队提出合理质疑
5、多选题：
以下哪些行为属于学术不端行为？
A: 将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表
B: 将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外
C: 对评价方法或结果的解释、判断错误
D: 将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表
答案: 将同一研究结果提交多个出版社机构出版或提交多个出版物发表;
将作出创造性贡献的人排除在作者名单之外;
将本质上相同的研究成果改头换面发表
6、判断题：
PaperPass论文检测系统分别用红色、橙色和绿色三种颜色代表相似度70%以上、40%-70%与合格三种类型。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
7、判断题：
Turnitin和PaperPass系统都是可以免费使用的。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
8、判断题：
如果你的论文研究过程和研究结果都很有意义，但论文引言部分和文献综述部分相似比较高，杂志社还是会接受你的论文。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
9、判断题：
因为同行评议过程较为漫长，期刊通常会让投稿人自己推荐几名审稿人，而很多人钻了这个空子，出现了大规模的同行评议事件，这说明同行评议这一做法既耗时耗力，还会引起学术造假问题，应该取消。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
10、判断题：
利益因素的存在，往往会影响研究者的判断力，无论是有心抑或无意。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
11、判断题：
存在利益冲突就意味着利益主体(研究者)犯错了。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
12、判断题：
研究者本人单纯因为个人交情而发表使某商业机构受益的文章，或夸大研究成果，这样的情况很正常而且因为不存在利益输送，所以不算什么错误。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
13、判断题：
在科研论文写作中利益声明可有可无。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
14、判断题：
作者可以将同一篇稿件以不同语言同时向多家期刊投稿。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
15、判断题：
我既可以直接引用原始论文中的内容，也可以间接引用二次文献中的引文。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
16、判断题：
在学术论文中，凡是引用他人（包括作者自己）已经发表的文献中的观点、数据、材料和研究结果等内容，都要对它们在文中出现的地方给予注明，并在文末列出参考文献。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
17、判断题：
整理稿可以将不同时间多次的口语实录自行综合，同一作者不同时间、场合的口头发言无需分别注明出处。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
18、判断题：
一稿多投是指同一作者，在法定或约定的禁止再投期间，或者在期限以外获知自己作品将要发表或已经发表，在期刊（包括印刷出版和电子媒体出版）编辑和审稿人不知情的情况下，试图或已经在两种或多种期刊同时或相继发表内容相同或相近的论文。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
19、判断题：
引用他人成果占整个作品的三分之二以上，即使引用标注符合规范，也可认定为剽窃。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
20、判断题：
张老师从未参与过A课题的研究，他无权要求在A课题的研究论文中署名为通讯作者。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
21、判断题：
在学术写作中可以将自己实验中的与期望值不符的实验结果删除，只保留与期望值一致的实验结果。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
22、判断题：
科研成果中的引文可以将未查阅过的文献转抄入自己的引文目录或参考文献目录中。
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
Unit2AudienceandStoryline读者意识和论文故事线
2.1.5Audiencetask
1、单选题：
请阅读第一段文本（Text 1），判断并选择你认为该文写作的目标读者是谁？Naked mole-rats appear to have a high resistance to tumors; cancer has never been observed in them. A potential mechanism that averts cancer is an “over-crowding” gene, p16, which prevents cell division once individual cells come into contact (known as “contact inhibition”). The cells of most mammals, including naked mole-rats, undergo contact inhibition via the gene p27 which prevents cellular reproduction at a much higher cell density than p16 does. The combination of p16 and p27 in naked mole-rat cells is a double barrier to uncontrolled cell proliferation, one of the hallmarks of cancer. On June 19, 2013, scientists reported that the reason naked mole-rats do not get cancer maybe because they produce an “extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan” (HMW-HA) (a natural sugary substance), which is over “five times larger” than that in cancer-prone humans and cancer-susceptible laboratory animals. The breakthrough scientific report was published a month later as the cover story of the journal Nature. A few months later, the same University of Rochester research team announced that naked mole-rats have ribosomes that produce extremely error-free proteins. Because of both of these discoveries, the journal Science named the naked mole-rat “Vertebrate of the Year” for 2013.
A: Expert scientist in the research area
B: General science reader
C: General public
D: Children
答案: General public
2、单选题：
请阅读第二段文本（Text 2），判断并选择你认为该文写作的目标读者是谁？They will never win a beauty contest, but naked mole rats may hold a lesson or two for humans. Two studies in 2013 found clues as to why these rodents can live 30 years, cancer-free. One secret may be the ribosome that excels at producing error-free proteins; misformed proteins can clog up the body’s systems and accelerate aging. Another could be a supersized version of complex sugar that seems to protect against cancer. Naked mole rats don’t break this compound down as fast as other animals, so it builds up in the spaces between cells and may keep the cells from clumping together and forming tumors.
A: Expert scientist in the research area
B: General science reader
C: General public
D: Children
答案: General science reader
3、单选题：
请阅读第三段文本（Text 3），判断并选择你认为该文写作的目标读者是谁？The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) displays exceptional longevity, with a maximum lifespan exceeding 30 years. This is the longest reported lifespan for a rodent species and is especially striking considering the small body mass of the naked mole rat. In comparison, a similarly sized house mouse has a maximum lifespan of 4 years. In addition to their longevity, naked mole rats show an unusual resistance to cancer. Multi-year observations of large naked mole-rat colonies did not detect a single incidence of cancer. Here we identify a mechanism responsible for the naked mole rat’s cancer resistance. We found that naked mole-rat fibroblasts secrete extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HA), which is over five times larger than human or mouse HA. This high-molecular-mass HA accumulates abundantly in naked mole-rat tissues owing to the decreased activity of HA-degrading enzymes and a unique sequence of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). … We speculate that naked mole rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels. This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.
A: Expert scientist in the research area
B: General science reader
C: General public
D: Children
答案: Expert scientist in the research area
Unit2TestAudienceandStoryline
1、单选题：
科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“信息”这一层次
A: 富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B: 沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C: 沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D: DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: 沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
2、单选题：
科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“知识”这一层次
A: 富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B: 沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C: 沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D: DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: 沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
3、单选题：
科学故事DNA双螺旋的案例中，下面哪个选项对应“数据-信息-知识-理解”中的“理解”这一层次
A: 富兰克林拍摄的x射线衍射图
B: 沃森与克里克判断DNA并非以往猜想的三链结构
C: 沃森与克里克提出了DNA双螺旋结构理论
D: DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
答案: DNA双螺旋结构下的遗传信息传递机制和对遗传性的解释
4、单选题：
请再次阅读关于前面读过的“naked mole rat”学术短文 The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) displays exceptional longevity, with a maximum lifespan exceeding 30 years. This is the longest reported lifespan for a rodent species and is especially striking considering the small body mass of the naked mole rat. In comparison, a similarly sized house mouse has a maximum lifespan of 4 years. In addition to their longevity, naked mole rats show an unusual resistance to cancer. Multi-year observations of large naked mole-rat colonies did not detect a single incidence of cancer. Here we identify a mechanism responsible for the naked mole rat’s cancer resistance. We found that naked mole-rat fibroblasts secrete extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HA), which is over five times larger than human or mouse HA. This high-molecular-mass HA accumulates abundantly in naked mole-rat tissues owing to the decreased activity of HA-degrading enzymes and a unique sequence of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2). … We speculate that naked mole rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels. This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species. 并从中选出哪句话作者在阐述自己论文贡献的“新的理解”
A: We found that naked mole-rat fibroblasts secrete extremely high-molecular-mass hyaluronan (HA), which is over five times larger than human or mouse HA.
B: This high-molecular-mass HA accumulates abundantly in naked mole-rat tissues owing to the decreased activity of HA-degrading enzymes and a unique sequence of hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2).
C: We speculate that naked mole rats have evolved a higher concentration of HA in the skin to provide skin elasticity needed for life in underground tunnels.
D: This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.
答案: This trait may have then been co-opted to provide cancer resistance and longevity to this species.
5、单选题：
According to the description listed below, choose the right readers. * Read the methods section and anything else that helps them finding a solution;* Big knowledge gap;* Possibly readers from a different area, looking for a method that can be used in their area;* Looking for clear introduction with many references.
A: The field intelligence gatherer
B: The competitor
C: The solution seeker
D: The young researcher
答案: The solution seeker
6、单选题：
According to the description listed below, choose the right readers. * Does not need to be provided with any background;* Checks if you have cited their paper;* May use your references to complete their own;* May even have reviewed your paper.
A: The field intelligence gatherer
B: The competitor
C: The solution seeker
D: The young researcher
答案: The competitor
7、单选题：
Which of the following types of readers will most likely pay attention to whether you have cited their papers.
A: young scientist
B: problem seeker
C: journalist
D: competitor
答案: competitor
8、多选题：
How to bridge the gap of knowledge between you and your readers?
A: set target readers.
B: provide research background.
C: proceed from the elementary to the profound.
D: pay attention to the logic flow, so that the paper can be more comprehensive.
答案: set target readers.;
provide research background.;
proceed from the elementary to the profound.;
pay attention to the logic flow, so that the paper can be more comprehensive.
9、判断题：
You write your paper for those scientists who work on the same topic as you do, so there is no need to think about other readers as your audience
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
10、判断题：
Authors of Scientific Papers do not need to write their results as a story, as all the information is already in the figures
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
11、判断题：
When you write your academic paper, it is important to write a good story that truthfully reflects your results, as figures and tables can be interpreted in several ways.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
12、判断题：
Why?Why?Why? is a method that allows you to find a fitting background statement, starting from a specific problem addressed in your work.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
13、判断题：
The statement: ‘By using ion selective microelectrodes we found that the pH gradient in the silk gland is much broader than previously known.’ is a good starting sentence of a paper; as only readers familiar with the topic will read this paper.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
14、判断题：
The statement: ‘Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations.’ represents a good example of a background sentence, accessible to both experts and non-experts.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
15、判断题：
When you write your manuscript, it is not necessary to take your audience into consideration, as you mostly write for yourself.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
16、判断题：
Scientific manuscripts are usually written for a very small number of other researchers working in the same field; therefore there is no need to explain any scientific terms.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
17、判断题：
It is essential for any academic writing to take into consideration your prospective audience, whether it consists of experts or non-experts.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
18、判断题：
Your audience knows much more about your research than you do, therefore you can always assume they intuitively understand what you are trying to state in your academic writing.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
19、判断题：
Textbooks, reviews and scientific papers are all written in the same way, namely in a manner that shows the reader how knowledgable the author is.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
Unit3Organization论文结构
3.1.3Noriskquizaboutorganization
1、单选题：
Which one does not belong to the method part？
A: sample
B: data collection
C: experiment design
D: data analysis
答案: data analysis
2、单选题：
Please fill the blank according to the right order of a paper.Research papers generally include several parts. These parts are often arranged in the order of_______，keywords，introduction & literature review, ________,results/findings, discussion and__________and reference.
A: abstract，method，conclusion.
B: abstract, data analysis, conclusion.
C: abstract, method, limitation.
D: questions, method, conclusion.
答案: abstract，method，conclusion.
3、判断题：
I can choose my keywords according to the research field of my paper.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
4、判断题：
I must concern about target readers.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 正确
5、判断题：
I can write as many keywords as I want.
A: 正确
B: 错误
答案: 错误
3.2.2Findtherightorderback
1、单选题：
请参考前面摘要结构的四段论，将下面A-B-C-D（目前的顺序是打乱的顺序）匹配成正确的顺序，组成一篇结构合理的学术摘要：A- Here we show that, by experimentally manipulating the location of the centre of mass in living birds, it is possible to recreate limb posture and kinematics inferred for extinct bipedal dinosaurs. Chickens raised wearing artificial tails, and consequently with more posteriorly located centre of mass, showed a more vertical orientation of the femur during standing and increased femoral displacement during locomotion. Our results support the hypothesis that gradual changes in the location of the centre of mass resulted in more crouched hindlimb postures and a shift from hip-driven to knee-driven limb movements through theropod evolution. B- Such functional differences, which are associated with a gradual, anterior shift of the centre of mass in theropods along the bird line, make the use of extant birds to study non-avian theropod locomotion problematic. C- This study suggests that, through careful experimental manipulations during the growth phase of ontogeny, extant birds can potentially be used to gain important insights into previously unexplored aspects of bipedal non-avian theropod locomotion.D- Birds share many traits with their dinosaur ancestors, making them the best living group to reconstruct certain aspects of non-avian theropod biology. Living birds, however, maintain an unusually crouched hindlimb posture and locomotion powered by knee flexion, in contrast to the inferred primitive condition of non-avian theropods: more upright posture and limb movement powered by femur retraction.
A: A-C-B-D
B: D-C-A-B
C: D-B-A-C
D: A-B-D-C
答案: D-B-A-C
3.3.3Findtherightsubheading
1、单选题：
这个练习任务一共有四个段落，请你顺序阅读第一题到第四题，并且为每一个段落（对应一题）找到最恰当到subheading，并在做判断到时候体会前面视频中降到到subheading的重要性和写作技巧。第一段：On a starlit night, beetles were released with their dung balls from the center of a circular arena of flattened and leveled sand, enclosed within a 1 m high, featureless circular wall. To determine how accurately dung beetles can orientate along straight paths when prevented from seeing any celestial cues, we obscured the dorsal visual fields of Scarabaeus satyrus with small cardboard caps (Figure 1C), whereas the ventral eyes were not impeded. … To test for a possible effect of the cap, we also fitted beetles with a transparent plastic cap of the same shape as the cardboard version. … Thus, the straight-line orientation of S. satyrus is significantly impaired if they are prevented from seeing the starlit sky.
A: Scarabaeus satyrus fails to orient without celestial clues
B: Scarabaeus satyrus uses stars of night sky for orientation
C: Scarabaeus satyrus uses milky way for orientation
D: Future experiments
答案: Scarabaeus satyrus fails to orient without celestial clues
2、单选题：
第二段：…That a view of the clear starry sky is important for straight-line orientation is further supported by observations of beetles rolling under a completely overcast sky in the same arena. Under these conditions, when neither moonlight nor the stars were visible in the sky, the beetles took 117.4 ± 28.0 s (n = 6) to exit the arena. …These findings further support our hypothesis that dung beetles can use the starry sky to orientate.
A: Scarabaeus satyrus fails to orient without celestial clues
B: Scarabaeus satyrus uses stars of night sky for orientation
C: Scarabaeus satyrus uses milky way for orientation
D: Future experiments
答案: Scarabaeus satyrus uses stars of night sky for orientation
3、单选题：
第三段：To determine what orientation information S. satyrus extracts from the starry sky—despite the theoretical limitations of its visual system—we moved our wooden arena into the Johannesburg planetarium. Here, approximately 4,000 stars and the Milky Way (as a diffuse streak of light) can be projected onto the 18 m diameter domed ceiling. We found that beetles took the same amount of time to exit the arena, irrespective of whether they could see the full projection of the starry sky (including the Milky Way; 43.3 ± 6.9 s, n = 13) or only the Milky Way (53.3 ± 12.1 s, n = 10; t test, T48 = 0.60, p = 0.55). This indicates that on a moonless night, S. satyrus orientates using the bright band of light produced by the Milky Way. … This clearly shows that the beetles do not orientate to a single bright “lodestar,” but rather to the band of light that represents the Milky Way.
A: Scarabaeus satyrus fails to orient without celestial clues
B: Scarabaeus satyrus uses stars of night sky for orientation
C: Scarabaeus satyrus uses milky way for orientation
D: Future experiments
答案: Scarabaeus satyrus uses milky way for orientation
4、单选题：
第四段：A final test for the role of the Milky Way as an orientation cue for dung beetles would be to remove it completely from the real night sky. Fortunately, in October the Milky Way lies close to the horizon after sunset and is not visible for a beetle rolling within the walled arena. Previous experiments performed at this time of year show that the dung beetle S. zambesianus is unable to roll along straight tracks on moonless nights [7]. We are thus confident that when visible, dung beetles use the Milky Way for nocturnal orientation.在你给四个段落选定小标题后，也可以思考选定的小标题对于写作过程是否有帮助，也许这四个小标题不会是呈现在论文中最终的小标题，但也许会对撰写每个段落是有帮助的。请大家在做这个测验时认真体会！
A: Scarabaeus satyrus fails to orient without celestial clues
B: Scarabaeus satyrus uses stars of night sky for orientation
C: Scarabaeus satyrus uses milky way for orientation
D: Future experiments
答案: Future experiments
Unit3TestOrganization
1、单选题：
Who will benefit from the subheadings of the paper?
A: Reader
B: Reviewer
C: Authors
D: All above
答案: All above
2、单选题：
以下哪个结构是本单元提倡的摘要结构和呈现顺序？
A: Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions-Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions- General Introduction- More detailed Background
B: General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
C: Method- Results/Solutions- General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
D: Question/Gap in the literature- General Introduction- More detailed Background- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
答案: General Introduction- More detailed Background- Question/Gap in the literature- Method- Results/Solutions- Conclusions/Summary/Assessment of Solutions
3、单选题：
请参考本单元讲解的摘要结构的四段论，将下面A-B-C-D（目前的顺序是打乱的顺序）匹配成正确的顺序，组成一篇结构合理的学术摘要：A- Here we show that, by experimentally manipulating the location of the centre of mass in living birds, it is possible to recreate limb posture and kinematics inferred for extinct bipedal dinosaurs. Chickens raised wearing artificial tails, and consequently with more posteriorly located centre of mass, showed a more vertical orientation of the femur during standing and increased femoral displacement during locomotion. Our results support the hypothesis that gradual changes in the location of the centre of mass resulted in more crouched hindlimb postures and a shift from hip-driven to knee-driven limb movements through theropod evolution. B- Such functional differences, which are associated with a gradual, anterior shift of the centre of mass in theropods along the bird line, make the use of extant birds to study non-avian theropod locomotion problematic. C- This study suggests that, through careful experimental manipulations during the growth phase of ontogeny, extant bird
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